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Temple of Earth

admin — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 12:11:09 +0000

In balance to the Temple of Heaven, Temple of Earth was built in 1530 in the Ming Dynasty, it was subsequently renovated in compliance with an imperial decree of Emperor Qianlong in 1749 in the period of Qing Dynasty, after the Cultural Revolution, in 1981 it was restored.

Different from the Temple of Heaven, the altar of Earth is shape of square, followed the Chinese idea of “Heaven is round, earth is square”. The Emperor would visit here on the day of summer solstice, during the ritual, sacrifices were offered on the altar to appease the gods of earth, which we believe they will help mankind in return.

This altar in the center is called 方泽坛 or Fangzetan, which can be literally translated as “Square Shaped Moated Altar “, there was a mini moat surrounding the altar, but no more today…we are in shortage of water…

During the ceremony, 15 statues of mountain gods would be presented in the north side of the 2nd terrace (not the top one), 8 statues of ocean gods and river gods would be presented in east and west side respectively on the same terrace.

Today Temple of Earth is most frequented not by tourists but local residents, as large space provides an ideal place for playing Taichi and other excercises.

It is still busy around the year, there 3 times of book fairs, and during the Chinese New Year, a traditional temple fairs will be held here as well.

How to get here: Lama Temple Stop of Subway Line 2, go to the north east exit, there is just about 5 minutes walking.

Ticket: 5 Yuan, go to the altar may be charged at another 5 yuan.

Tips: Here is very close to the Lama Temple, the Confucius Temple and Guozijian (the old Imperial College), you can make it a package for a full day visit, and after that for conclusion of this busy day, it is good to go into the small alleys around Nanluoguxiang looking for a cup of beer.

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Temple of Heaven

admin — Tue, 20 Oct 2009 07:36:30 +0000

Temple of Heaven, or “Tiantan”, “the Altar of Heaven” in Chinese, was built in 1420, same time as the Forbidden City. It was opened to public in 1918, after 1945, during the civil war of China, the wall at the south part of the park was destroyed to setup a small airport.

Temple of Heaven is not a single temple actually. There are many buildings, basically there are three parts inside, and there is an local axis going along with the most important buildings.

Large space in the park is just occupied by trees, most of them cypress. This design was based on the ancient thought, that the worship done in the forest wasthe most sacred and also the cleanest. Today if you visit here early in morning, like 6 am, you can see many people are here, not for praying…but for morning exercise.

Temple of Heaven was placed on the list of the World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 1998, as the “largest building complex for worshipping heaven in the world”.

South Part: the Circular Mound Altar and the Imperial Vault of Heaven.

The Emperor would visit the Circular Mound Altar every year on the day of winter solstice, this ceremony was called the “Worshipping to Heaven”. To the north, in the little round courtyard, there are three buildings, the middle one is the Vault of Heaven, it was the place for storing the tablets of God of Heaven and the ancestors of the royal family. There are two flank buildings, in the east is for the tablets of the Gods of Brightness and Stars, in the west is for the tablets of Gods of Wind, Thunder, Cloud and Rain.

Though it was not likely for the Emperor to go through all the buildings in one time, there is a bridge to connect the south part to the north part. The Red Stariway Bridge is about 3 meters above the ground.

North Part: the Altar for Praying for Grain and the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest.

If we keep the south part in mind, it is easy to recoginzed the buildings in the north part, you can say that the same story repeated again, but note this time, the temple and the altar were built together, that is the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest was built on the Altar for Praying Grain. In the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the Emperor would visit here on the 8th day after the Chinese New Year. In the sense of architecture, the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest is the crown of the whole complex, very likely you have seen it in some other places, in photos or maybe even in brand logos.

West Part: the Palace of Abstinence
Before any of the ceremony, the Emperor would have to go fast for 3 days, first 2 days in the Hall of Abstinence inside Forbidden City, and the last day here, therefore the palace is walled and moated like the Forbidden City, during the occupation of the Eight Allied Force in 1901, the British headquaters was here.

Interesting acoustics phenomenon can be found at the round shaped buildings. First spot locates at the Circular Mound Altar, there is a piece of stone in the center, on that piece of stone, your voice can be echoed loudly, I tried and it works most of the cases, even when there were many visitors around. The second spot (the Echo Wall) and third sport (the Triple Sound Stones) are both inside the courtyard of the Imperial Vault of Heaven, and both of them don’t work in the daytime.

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Ring Roads and Axis (0)

New Qianmen Street

admin — Sun, 06 Sep 2009 15:22:29 +0000

Qianmen (Front Gate) Street named after the Zhengyangmen Gate (正阳门), alias of which was the Front Gate by the locals, the reason was simple, it was on the axis of the city, and was the formal entrance into the inner section of the old Peking, while the Qianmen Street was in the outer section of the City. The street also functioned as a passway when the Emperor was on his visit to the Temple of Heaven.

Due to its special location, it soon came to be a combination of every thing from the Ming Dynasty, little inns for the royal examinees and merchants, restaurants, in 1855 opened the first Pianyifang Roasted Duck (便宜坊), and in 1864 came the first shop of Quanjude Peking Duck (全聚德), and the famous steamed Dumpling restaurant Duyichu (都一处). Many famous Peking brands started their business around here, the famous Dashilan (大栅栏) locates just at the west side of the street in a wandering hutong alleyway, even today, it is still one of the major shopping streets for traditional Beijing stuff.

The Qianmen Street and Dashilan Street Area, was generally called as Qianmen Wai, or Ch’ien Men Wai (前门外), was a whole-sale trading market from the high-end jewellery, jade, banking, to daily stuff like fishes, coal, commissariat, pigs, even today the names of the closeby alley remind us its local history. By the way, the area was also famous for many other entertainments, opera houses, tea houses, night clubs …

In 1900, the north part of the street was destroyed in a big fire set by the Boxers.

From 1980s, some of the old shops kept and many new shops moved into the street, with more and more old buildings demolished, the street lost both its customers and most importantly original tastes gradually. In 2006, the area was in renovation, and it was almost ready done before the Olympic Games in 2008, sure, it regains attention, even now most of the buildings are still in decorations, many visitors come just for taking photos, fancy shops like H&M, Zara are already here, and more will move in.

After the renovation, the street becomes a pedestrian street, the trolley bus is the only way to go through north to south, the ticket charge is 20yuan/person, and very likely that is only the one-way ticket.

Two comparison photos taken in Sep. 2006, and in Sep. 2009, roughly at the same spot.

Most of the buildings are renovated according to their historic records in the 1920s to 1930s, but as most of them came together in a “natural process”, to rebuild them overnight again, not surprisingly some of the details of the buildings are just handled in a much easy way.

A panaromatic view of the street.

A view from north looking to south.

A view to the north, the end building is the Arrow Tower of the Zhengyangmen Gate.

There are many Beijing elements to decorate the street, from the bench, trash bin to the design of the street lamp (in shape like a bird cage).

At the left side, the archway leads into the Quanjude Roast Duck restaurant (全聚德).

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Beijing Courtyard house (B)

admin — Sun, 02 Aug 2009 18:14:24 +0000

From a satelliite view of Hutong, some of the courtyard houses can still be recognized and well preserved, many others are just invisible among the little extension buildings.

As I just mentioned, the courtyard with 3 layers was for rich family, while normal family will have smaller ones, here are some examples.

A two yard house

A courtyard house with front yard and middle yard is called a 2-layer-courtyard. It is smaller in size, most of the case, there is no corridor to connect the houses, and the second gate in the middle is simple, not very much decorated, this type of house is suit to a business man, without many servants. But in today’s standard, it is still much too big in size.

An one yard house

For most of the houses in the Hutong, for average family, a courtyard would be like this way, just a square shaped yard, everything concentrated into just one yard. That is 80% of the cases you will see, if you have a chance to visit a courtyard. Even a courtyard at this size has to house at least 4 families from 1900s, as the Beijing population boomed, today sometime the number of families is even more than this, every family will build an extension just outside their room.

There were a very detailed stipulation on the size, design and building materials of the courtyard house from the Ming Dyansty, for example, the color of courtyard house was to be painted into grey color, the use of expensive timber was forbidden.

Main Room

The level of a house could be classified not only on the location or size (best location in the east or west of the Fobidden City), but also from the design of the Main Room. The main room, normally is the best room in the whole complex, peole would like to build it 3 units in the middle (pillar to pillar) and 2 ear-rooms, and sometimes in case of space limitatiom, even they would skip the plan of the ear-rooms, but the total number of units should make into odd numbers. average family is 3 (shown in the model), very rich family upto 5, prince level the number could be 7, only the Emperor had the priviledge of 9, and in some extreme cases, like the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City and the LingEn Hall at the Changling Tombs, the number is 11.

Orientation of the Buildings

Most of the courtyard are in North and South orientated, preferentially facing to the south, as the house will get more sunshine, and better in the sense of FengShui, while facing to north, some adjustments has to be done to balance. Anyway in a city most of the buildings are in north and south layouted, the city is in grid structure, and a Hutong is to connect a cluster of the entrance of courtyard houses, and by this reason, the Hutongs mostly run from west to east, as you can see from the top satellite image.

Download the PDF file of A Brief Introduction of Beijing Courtyard

A Beijing Courtyard House (A)

admin — Tue, 28 Jul 2009 06:49:54 +0000

A courtyard house often called as 四合院 (SiHeYuan) or quadrangle house, it is a typical traditional Chinese style of living, the size and the detail may vary in some ways accordings to the different province, for example in the south of Yangtze River, the courtyard may be small, but all most all of the rooms have a second floor, that is to keep off the heat from outside, while the couryard houses in Shanxi or Shaanxi have a bigger yard for collecting the sunshine in the cold winter.

As we say the Hutong area of Beijing, that is refer to this kind of building, like it or not, this courtyard style of living is dying out day to day from Beijing, as you can see, it takes a lots of space, and just in one floor, take this one for instance, the total space is 28 X 52 = 1456 square meters, but just good for one family, an 3-4 generation extended family, 30 persons roughly. From 1900s, as the Berijing population boomed, this type of courtyard house is beginning to be rushed into different families, 5-10 or even more is very common, people have to go out for toilet or shower. It is not a suprise that local some of the local habitants are not very happy about this, and the real estate developers are just very happy to knock it down and replace it with several floor buildings.

But as more and more people, organizaions aware the importance of keeping hutongs, there are more voices about this, somewhere of the city, goverment is providing more infras-structure, such as running water, heating, gas pipe lines, and a lot of works have to done to repopulate the habitants. Keep if not, it is a problem.

The picture I show you, was for a rich family for sure, and today it is very very hard to find such a big courtyard, and if it is occupied by just one family, that must be a very very rich family, so I put a garage in the model.

The life inside a courtyard is very natural and could be quiet romatic in some way, especially in the late spring and summer time, family members have lots of chance to be together, and lots of activities in the open space.

The front yard was for servants or younger generation due to its location near to the public.

The Middle yard definately for the most important figures in the family, note the main room is bigger compared with the west and east side room, that is the Hall of Supreme Harmony of the Forbidden City in the family. So you can figure out, this type of house is in the same idea with the Emperor’s Forbidden City, and it is the same idea based on Confucius thoughts.

The back yard was for girls and lady serverts, because it is the most private part of the house.

The way of expanding a Chinese courtyard house style from a simple one to a very complicated one in a same idea, that is along with the axe line, I will show you some other types of courtyard some other day.

Temple of Confucius (孔庙,Kongmiao)and the Imperial College (国子监,Guozijian)

admin — Fri, 24 Jul 2009 07:12:13 +0000

Mouth of a turtle, who is carrying a stele. His name is BiXi (赑屃), the 6th son of the dragon.

A Panaroma view of the Confucius Temple and the Imperial College.

As the two places are just by neighbour, they just share the same entrance at the of Confucius Temple, it costs 20 yuan.

Confucius Temple

The Beijing Confucius Temple was built in 1302 in the Yuan Dynasty, just outside of the temple, and the two sides of the entrance, there are two steles to order every visitors to dismount from horse or off the sedan chair.

Confucius (Chinese: 孔子; Kǒng zǐ; K’ung-tzu). “Master Kong,” (551 BC – 479 BC) was a thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese culture.

His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius’ thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as “Confucius.”

His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (論語), a collection of “brief aphoristic fragments”, which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius, but he was thought to be many of the First, the first editor or author of sorting and passing on the literature of the ancient China, the first to extend cultural education to the common people.

Confucius believed in that human society was a systematic collective body, which could be held together only by some norms (Rites and Decorum) of conduct so that only by this way, that peace and happiness could be brought to the people. “Once you have restrained your personal desires and made your words and deeds conform to decorum, you will be universally acknowledged as bearing the virtue of humanity” (克己复礼，天下归仁者), here includes a couple points of moral cultivation, such as: Loyalty or Faithfulness(忠), Filial Piety(孝), Respect(悌), Wisdom(智), Courage(勇), Honesty(诚) and Forbearance(恕). No wonder one of his disciples said “Our master’s doctrine is simply this: faithfulness and forbearance.”

Though he was not turn out to be successful in his own political life, his idea shaped shaped Chinese and China’s politics till now.

Duke of Yansheng (衍聖公 Yan Shenggong) was created as a marquisate for the direct descendent of Confucius from the Western Han dynasty. The last Duke Yansheng, K’ung Te-ch’eng (孔德成), 77th generation of Confucius died in 2008 in Taiwan. More of Confucius family tree at Wiki in Chinese.

The complex aligned along a central axis. From south to north, noteworthy structures includes the Xianshi Gate (先师门), Dacheng Gate (大成门), Dacheng Hall (大成殿) and Chongshengci (崇圣祠, not opened to public yet).

Inside the temple there are 198 stone tablets positioned on either side of the front courtyard, and they contains more than 51,624 names of Jinshi (the advanced scholars) of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and 14 stone stele pavilions of the Ming and Qing dynasties that hold the precious historical information of ancient China.The temple also contains stone tablets recording the names of many generations of scholars who passed the Imperial Examination, a reproduction of a Western Zhou period stone drum made during the reign of Qianlong (1735-96), and 189 stone steles containing the Thirteen Confucian Classics, presented by the city of Jintan in Jiangsu Province.

The Temple has many old trees, including one Cypress tree known as the “Touch Evil Cypress” (除奸柏). Its name derives from a story that when a famously corrupt official passed by, the tree knocked off his hat.

Guozijian or Imperial College

The Guozijian (國子監), the School of the Sons of State sometimes called the Imperial Central School, Imperial Academy or Imperial College was the national central institute of learning in the capital of each dynasty, it was the highest institute of learning in China’s traditional educational system.

Formerly it was called the Taixue for noble students. The central schools of taixue were established as far back as 3 CE, when a standard nationwide school system was established and funded during the reign of Emperor Ping of Han.When disbanded during the 1898 reform of the Qing Dynasty, the Guozijian was replaced by the Imperial Capital Academy.

Guozijian were located in the national capital of each dynasty — Chang’an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Nanjing. In Ming there were two capitals; thus there were two Guozijian, one in Nanjing and one in Beijing. The Guozijian, located in the Guozijian Street (or Chengxian street) in the Dongcheng District, Beijing, the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties (although most of its buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty) was the last Guozijian in China and is an important national cultural asset.

“辟雍”：“辟，璧也，像璧圆以法天也。雍者，雍之以水，像教化流行也。”《白虎通》

Emperor Tongzhi’s Imperial edict on the final result of the Imperial Examination in the year of 1868, 270 past it in the first class.

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Temple of Earth (0)
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2nd snow of 2009 (0)
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Temple of the Reclining Buddha (Wofosi) (0)
Temple of Azure Clouds (Biyun Si) (1)
Book Fair at Ditan (0)
Temple of Heaven (1)
Beijing Courtyard house (B) (0)

Wanping Fortress and Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge)

admin — Fri, 03 Jul 2009 05:09:07 +0000

Wanping Fortress was built in 1638-1640, in the Ming Dynasty for defending Li Zicheng (李自成) peasant rebellion. At the beginning it was named as Circumpolar Town “拱极城”, in 1928, it was renamed as Wanpingcheng “宛平城”. It has only two gates, the east gate named Ever Prosperous Gate “永昌门” , then renamed as “威严门” Majestic Gate, the west gate named as Favorably Govern Gate “顺治门”.

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Though in Chinese, it is still called as a town or a city, but from the beginning, it functioned as a millitary fortress actually, it is not big in size, from west to east 640 Meters, and from south to the north 320 Meters, make it a half-square shaped.

To the west of the fortress, there is the Yongding River, and the Marco Polo Bridge or Lugou Bridge “卢沟桥”, as the bridge was the major way to communicate to the Inner Mongol and the South of China, the fortress later came to be a commerce joint, where concentrated many shops, teahouses, inns and temples.

The Fortress and the Bridge were famous in the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July the 7th of 1937. Now in the center of the fortress, locates the Memorial Museum of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japan, and to the south out of the city, there is a sculpture square in memory of the War.

The East Gate.

The West Gate, facing to the Lugou Bridge.

The south city wall of Wanping.

Tips:
Visiting into the Wanping is free of charge, but it is impossible to climb up the wall right now. If you want to visit the Bridge, ticket is 20yuan/person.

Plan of the Memorial Museum

National Library of China

admin — Tue, 23 Jun 2009 15:38:32 +0000

National Library of China, includes: the Library of Ancient Books which locates at Wenjing Street, west of Beihai Park, and the Main Library which showed here in 3-D rendering.

At the Main Library, there are still two sections, the older one constructed in 1987, now it is a little old, but still very comfortable to visit and stay.

The newer section was just finished in 2008, very modern and much visitor-friendly, the glass window on the top of the roof saves a lot of energy, and curtain at the top windows can be adjusted times a day, according to the sunlight.

Internet can be accessed free for 1 hour, free power outlet for your laptop, free water …

This 3-D sketchup model can be download at here.

Opening Hours

Monday to Friday: 9:00－21:00
Saturday to Sunday 9:00－17:00

The Library is open all year round including statutory holidays.

Website of NLC
http://www.nlc.gov.cn/en/indexen.htm

Zhu Di’s Changling Tomb at Ming Tombs

admin — Thu, 18 Jun 2009 14:43:04 +0000

Stone carving at Changling.

The location of Changling Tomb.

Emperor Yongle

Changlingcovers an area of 120,000 square meters, where buried Ming Emperor Zhudi and his Empress Xu. The construction began in 1409 AD and completed in 18 years, it is the central, largest and the best preserved mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty Tombs.

Zhu D (朱棣)i was the 4th son of Zhu Yuangzhang (the first emperor of Ming dynasty), initially Zhu Di was made a prince entitled the “the King of Yan” guarding Yanjing (today’s Beijing) possessing a heavy military base in Beijing, and his eldest brother Zhu Biao was made the Crown Prince. In 1392, the latter died at the age of 38 before ascending to the throne.

In 1399, after the first emperor’s death, the throne was past down to the son of the Crown Prince. The young Emperor Jian (建文帝) proved to be too weak in politics and military action, it took only 4 years that he was droven away from the throne, During the final attack of the Capital Nanjing, Emperor Jianwen ‘s palace caught fire, the emperor and his wife disappeared mysteriously, people believed most likely they died in the fire, though their corpses came to be nowhere.

Zhu Di had ended Jianwen’s reign. Zhu Di and his administration spent the latter part of 1402 brutally purging China of Jianwen’s supporters, and he was credited with ordering perhaps the only case of “extermination of the ten agnates” in the history of China.

In order to establish himself as legitimate successor of the regime, he also ordered all records of the four-year-reign of Jianwen Emperor to be dated as year 32 through year 35 of the Hongwu Emperor.

Though in the end, Zhudi came to the throne at Nanjing reign-titled as “Yongle” (literarlly “Perpetual Happiness”), his usurpation of the throne made him somewhat ‘unfit’ in the old capital, in the year 1421, after a brand new capital constructed at his order, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. Most of Beijing’s layout shaped based upon his design.

Also Emperor Yongle had the Grand Canal of China repaired and reopened in order to supply the new capital of Beijing in the north with a steady flow of goods and southern foodstuffs.

Emperor Yongle sponsored the massive and long term Zheng He (郑和) expeditions. These were China’s only major sea-going explorations of the world, some scholars believe behingd these overseas expedition there were attempts of tracing the mysterously disappeared Emperor Jianwen.

Yongle sponsored and created many cultural traditions in China. He promoted Confucianism and kept traditional ritual ceremonies with a rich cultural theme. His respect for Chinese culture was apparent. He commissioned his Grand Secretary, Xie Jin, to write a compilation of every subject and every known book of the Chinese. The massive project’s goal was to preserve Chinese culture and literature in writing. The initial copy took 17 months to transcribe and another copy was transcribed in 1557. The book, named the Yongle Encyclopedia (永乐大典), is still considered one of the most marvelous human achievements.

Many have seen Yongle as in a life-long pursuit of power, prestige, he is remembered very much for his cruelty. According to historical records, even in his mausoleum at Changling, 16 lifes were sacrificed for martyrdom.

Emperor Yongle reigned the Ming for 22 years.(1403-1424)

The Changling Tomb

The architecture in Changling are of magnificence, especially the Ling’En Hall, the architecture style of which is identical to that of the Supreme Harmony Hall in the Forbidden City. Ling’En Hall represented the highest architecture and artistic level of Ming dynasty. The beams, columns and trusses are all made of Nanmu, Nanmu is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family, which is endemic to China, it is now threatened by habitat loss. The diameter of internal columns are even more than 1 meter. Nanmu columns of such a big size are rarely found all over the world. This palace has been maintained quite well up to now and it represents a typical architectural style of the Ming dynasty.

For its indisputable charm and great historical and artistic value, Changling was inscribed into the World Heritage Organization Catalogue by UNESCO on 3rd of July, 2003.

朱棣小传

大明成祖文皇帝，諱棣，太祖第四子也，母孝慈高皇后。洪武三年封燕王。十三年，之藩北平。

二十三年，棣討乃兒不花，獲其全部而還，太祖大喜，是後屢帥諸將出征，並令棣節制沿邊士馬，威名大振。

三十一年閏五月，太祖崩，皇太孫即位，時諳王以尊屬擁重兵，多不法。帝納齊泰、黃子澄謀，欲因事以次削除之，湘、代、齊、岷諸王皆以罪廢。棣自危，佯狂稱疾。

建文元年七月，上書天子指泰、子澄為奸臣，並援《祖訓》「朝無正臣，內有奸惡，則親王訓兵待命，天子密詔諸王統領鎮兵討平之」。書既發，遂舉兵。自署官屬，稱其師曰“靖難”。四年六月，燕兵陷都城，建文帝不知所終。棣升輦，詣奉天殿即皇帝位，下詔以洪武三十五年為紀年，明年改元永樂。

永樂三年六月，遣中官鄭和帥舟師使西洋諸國。

八年正月，成祖親征韃靼，五月，大敗本雅失里師；六月敗阿魯台師。

十二年二月，成祖親征瓦剌，六月，敗瓦剌次忽蘭忽失溫，馬哈木師。

二十年三月，成祖新征阿魯台，發京師，至雞鳴山，阿魯台遁。明年七月，成祖複親征之。二十二年三月，再親征阿魯台，不見敵，六月，糧盡，班師。七月，至榆木川，崩，年六十有五。

明长陵

长陵始建于1409年，历经18年建成。占地12万平方米，是明朝永乐皇帝朱棣与皇后徐氏的合葬陵墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四子，初封燕王，镇守燕京。”靖难之变”后，在南京称帝，改元”永乐”。1421年迁都北京，在位22年(1403-1424)。

长陵建筑宏伟，特别是祾恩殿，其建筑风格与故宫太和殿一致。梁、柱、檩全部使用整材金丝楠木，其中立柱的直径都在一米以上，是世间罕见的奇材佳木。此殿保护完好，具有典型明代建筑风格。

长陵2003年7月3日被联合国教科文组织列入”世界遗产名录”。

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Beijing Exhibition Center

admin — Sun, 31 May 2009 03:22:30 +0000

The Beijing Exhibition Center was built in the same time as 798, but the design was much different.

With its timeline starting back in 1954, Beijing Exhibition Center (BEC) comes as the first-ever massive comprehensive exhibition venue in Beijing. It features, among others, the genuine inscriptions of late Chairman Mao Zedong and was once honored by the presence of late Premier Zhou Enlai at its ribbon-cutting ceremony.

Beijing Exhibition Center in 1954.

Premie Minister Zhou Enlai and Nikita Khrushchev.

The theatre was in open air, but now roofed.

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